Tourists’ Motivation to Satisfaction with Homestays in Uttarakhand, India : A SEM Approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2024/v54/i10/174604Keywords:
tourist
, tourist motivations, tourist satisfaction, push & pull factor, homestay.Paper Submission Date
, September 30, 2023, Paper sent back for Revision, March 30, 2024, Paper Acceptance Date, May 10, Paper Published Online, October 15, 2024Abstract
Purpose : This research aimed to examine the concepts of pull and push satisfaction, as well as their correlation with a unidimensional satisfaction metric. In addition, the research contended that pull satisfaction validates visitors’ expectations regarding the destination’s attributes, while visitors’ evaluations of push satisfaction indicated the degree to which the destination correlates to their intrinsic desires.
Methodology : The study was conducted in Uttarakhand, a popular Indian cultural tourism destination. The study examined 323 culturally motivated travelers to the region. Data was collected from Indian tourists visiting Uttarakhand. This data was analyzed using confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis. A structural equation model (SEM) was used to determine what factors affected the relationship between overall happiness and its components.
Findings : The findings indicated that the tourist’s evaluation of the push and pull dimensions of satisfaction is reflected in the overall satisfaction. The presence of necessary amenities and the opportunity to actively participate in a location’s cultural and social customs were recognized as essential factors in determining overall satisfaction. The results of this study suggested that people’s holiday behaviors were significantly influenced by the degree to which their self-expectations and desires aligned.
Practical Implications : The research possessed distinct characteristics that set it apart from others. Initially, this is one of the limited endeavors to develop a measurement scale that quantifies issues related to satisfaction by modifying the concepts of pull and push motivation. The study developed a measurement scale to assess issues related to satisfaction by utilizing pull and push motivation.
Originality : The data indicated that each of the competing factors had a substantial loading value, which significantly added to the explanation of tourists’ overall satisfaction. The study presented a multidimensional satisfaction structure considering expectations and desires.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
References
Acharya, B. P., & Halpenny, E. A. (2013). Homestays as an alternative tourism product for sustainable community development: A case study of women-managed tourism product in rural Nepal. Tourism Planning & Development, 10(4), 367–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2013.779313
Alegre, J., & Garau, J. (2010). Tourist satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(1), 52–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.07.001
Anand, A., Chandan, P., & Singh, R. B. (2012). Homestays at Korzok: Supplementing rural livelihoods and supporting green tourism in the Indian Himalayas. Mountain Research and Development, 32(2), 126–136. https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd-journal-d-11-00109.1
Andersen, V., Prentice, R., & Guerin, S. (1997). Imagery of Denmark among visitors to Danish fine arts exhibitions in Scotland. Tourism Management, 18(7), 453–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(97)00054-x
Assaker, G., & Hallak, R. (2013). Moderating effects of tourists' novelty-seeking tendencies on destination image, visitor satisfaction, and short- and long-term revisit intentions. Journal of Travel Research, 52(5), 600–613. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513478497
Bachok, S., Hasbullah, H., & Ab Rahman, S. A. (2018). Homestay operation under the purview of the Ministry of Tourism and Culture of Malaysia: The case of Kelantan homestay operators. Planning Malaysia: Journal of the Malaysian Institute of Planners, 16(2), 175–185. https://www.planningmalaysia.org/index.php/pmj/article/view/472/382
Baliga, V., Shetty, G. S., & Shenoy, S. (2020). Marketing orientation led by consumer motivations towards agribased products: An evidence from Udupi District in India. Indian Journal of Marketing, 50(2), 7–19. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2020/v50/i2/150438
Bandaru, R., & Venkateshwarlu, H. (2020). Foreign tourists' revisit intention approach applied in the Indian tourism market. Indian Journal of Marketing, 50(4), 43–54. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2020/v50/i4/151572
Beerli, A., & MartÃn, J. D. (2004). Factors influencing destination image. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 657–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.010
Bitner, M. J., & Hubbert, A. R. (1994). Encounter satisfaction versus overall satisfaction versus quality: The customer's voice. In Service quality: New directions in theory and practice (pp. 72–94). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452229102
Bultena, G. L., & Klessig, L. L. (1969). Satisfaction in camping: A conceptualization and guide to social research. Journal of Leisure Research, 1(4), 348–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1969.11969749
Chaudhary, M. (2000). India's image as a tourist destination — A perspective of foreign tourists. Tourism Management, 21(3), 293–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(99)00053-9
Chon, K.-S., & Olsen, M. D. (1991). Functional and symbolic congruity approaches to consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction in tourism. Journal of the International Academy of Hospitality Research, 3, 2–22.
Chung, K.-H., Yu, J.-E., Choi, M.-G., & Shin, J.-I. (2015). The effects of CSR on customer satisfaction and loyalty in China: The moderating role of corporate image. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 3(5), 542–547. https://doi.org/10.7763/JOEBM.2015.V3.243
Correia, A., & Pimpão, A. (2008). Decision-making processes of Portuguese tourist travelling to South America and Africa. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 2(4), 330–373. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506180810908989
Correia, A., do Valle, P. O., & Moço, C. (2007). Modeling motivations and perceptions of Portuguese tourists. Journal of Business Research, 60(1), 76–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2005.10.013
Crompton, J. L. (1979). An assessment of the image of Mexico as a vacation destination and the influence of geographical location upon that image. Journal of Travel Research, 17(4), 18–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728757901700404
Dann, G. M. (1977). Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 4(4), 184–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(77)90037-8
Dann, G. M. (1978). Tourist satisfaction is a highly complex variable. Annals of Tourism Research, 5(4), 440–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(78)90323-7
del Bosque, I. R., & MartÃn, H. S. (2008). Tourist satisfaction a cognitive-affective model. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 551–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.006
Dhillon, S., & Munjal, N. (2022). Convenience food lifestyle segments – A study of Delhi - NCR. Indian Journal of Marketing, 52(7), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2022/v52/i7/170539
Dillman, D. A. (1978). Mail and telephone surveys. John Wiley & Sons.
Duke, C. R., & Persia, M. A. (1996). Performance-importance analysis of escorted tour evaluations. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 5(3), 207–223. https://doi.org/10.1300/j073v05n03_03
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313
Funk, D. C., & Bruun, T. J. (2007). The role of socio-psychological and culture-education motives in marketing international sport tourism: A cross-cultural perspective. Tourism Management, 28(3), 806–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.05.011
Giese, J. L., & Cote, J. A. (2000). Defining consumer satisfaction. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 2000(1), 1–24.
Goeldner, C. R., & Ritchie, J. R. (2011). Tourism - principles, practices, philosophies (12th ed.). John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Goossens, C. (2000). Tourism information and pleasure motivation. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2), 301–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(99)00067-5
Gupta, A., & Savita, U. (2024). Do eWOM and brand image drive purchase intention of online travel shoppers: A case study of Delhi - NCR. Indian Journal of Marketing, 54(3), 44–60. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2024/v54/i3/173567
Hughes, H., & Allen, D. (2005). Cultural tourism in Central and Eastern Europe: The views of 'induced image formation agents.' Tourism Management, 26(2), 173–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.08.021
Ibrahim, E. E., & Gill, J. (2005). A positioning strategy for a tourist destination, based on analysis of customers' perceptions and satisfactions. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 23(2), 172–188. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634500510589921
Jain, A., & Jain, P. (2024). Shifting consumer attitudes and willingness to pay for premium products — The case of Unibic Cookies. Indian Journal of Marketing, 54(3), 8–25. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2024/v54/i3/173566
Jamal, S. A., Othman, N., & Muhammad, N. M. (2011). Tourist perceived value in a community-based homestay visit: An investigation into the functional and experiential aspect of value. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 17(1), 5–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766710391130
Janiskee, R. L. (1996). Historic houses and special events. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(2), 398–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(95)00069-0
Janjua, Z., Krishnapillai, G., & Rahman, M. (2021). A systematic literature review of rural homestays and sustainability in tourism. SAGE Open, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211007117
Jones, M. A., & Suh, J. (2000). Transactionâ€specific satisfaction and overall satisfaction: An empirical analysis. Journal of Services Marketing, 14(2), 147–159. https://doi.org/10.1108/08876040010371555
Joppe, M., Martin, D. W., & Waalen, J. (2001). Toronto's image as a destination: A comparative importance-satisfaction analysis by origin of visitor. Journal of Travel Research, 39(3), 252–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750103900302
Kim, S. S., & Prideaux, B. (2005). Marketing implications arising from a comparative study of international pleasure tourist motivations and other travel-related characteristics of visitors to Korea. Tourism Management, 26(3), 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.09.022
Kozak, M. (2001). Comparative assessment of tourist satisfaction with destinations across two nationalities. Tourism Management, 22(4), 391–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(00)00064-9
Kozak, M. (2002). Comparative analysis of tourist motivations by nationality and destinations. Tourism Management, 23(3), 221–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(01)00090-5
Kozak, M., & Rimmington, M. (2000). Tourist satisfaction with Mallorca, Spain, as an off-season holiday destination. Journal of Travel Research, 38(3), 260–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750003800308
Kozak, M., Bigné, E., & Andreu, L. (2004). Limitations of cross-cultural customer satisfaction research and recommending alternative methods. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 4(3–4), 37–59. https://doi.org/10.1300/j162v04n03_04
Kumar, N., & Singh, V. (2022). Shopping with voice assistant: Understanding consumer intention and the mediating role of trust. Indian Journal of Marketing, 52(8), 51–65. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2022/v52/i8/171224
Lee, T.-H., & Crompton, J. (1992). Measuring novelty seeking in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4), 732–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(92)90064-v
Lew, A. A. (1987). A framework of tourist attraction research. Annals of Tourism Research, 14(4), 553–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(87)90071-5
Liu, Y.-D., & Hsu, H.-H. (2009). Identifying the factor structure of customer satisfaction with public leisure services. International Journal of Leisure and Tourism Marketing, 1(3), 288–303. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijltm.2010.029591
Maoz, D. (2007). Backpackers' motivations the role of culture and nationality. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(1), 122–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.07.008
Meleddu, M., Paci, R., & Pulina, M. (2015). Repeated behaviour and destination loyalty. Tourism Management, 50, 159–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.01.032
Menon, S., Gahan, P., & Mahapatra, S. S. (2019). Impact of influencing strategy across product categories in family decision making. Indian Journal of Marketing, 49(12), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2019/v49/i12/149108
Moyle, B. D., Weiler, B., & Croy, G. (2013). Visitors’ perceptions of tourism impacts: Bruny and Magnetic Islands, Australia. Journal of Travel Research, 52(3), 392–406. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287512467702
Nair, A., & Padmakumar, K. (2020). Analyzing Tinder through user motivations and experiences among Indian young adults. Indian Journal of Marketing, 50(8–9), 32–47. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2020/v50/i8-9/154690
Nield, K., Kozak, M., & LeGrys, G. (2000). The role of food service in tourist satisfaction. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 19(4), 375–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4319(00)00037-2
Nuryanti, W. (1996). Heritage and postmodern tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(2), 249–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(95)00062-3
Oliver, R. L. (1993). Cognitive, affective, and attribute bases of the satisfaction response. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(3), 418–430. https://doi.org/10.1086/209358
Oliver, R. L., & Swan, J. E. (1989). Consumer perceptions of interpersonal equity and satisfaction in transactions: A field survey approach. Journal of Marketing, 53(2), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298905300202
Oliver, R. L. (1980). A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions. Journal of Marketing Research, 17(4), 460–469. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150499
Olsen, M. (2003). Tourism themed routes: A Queensland perspective. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 9(4), 331–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/135676670300900403
Olson, J. C., & Dover, P. A. (1979). Disconfirmation of consumer expectations through product trial. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64(2), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.64.2.179
Othayoth, P. K., & Khanna, S. (2024). Chatbot service quality in banking: Analyzing Indian banking customer perceptions and influence on customer satisfaction and value. Indian Journal of Marketing, 54(2), 44–65. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2024/v54/i2/173474
Pandey, P. K., Verma, P., & Trayambak, S. (2020). Empirical analysis of interrelationship between service quality, consumer involvement, and consumer satisfaction. Indian Journal of Marketing, 50(4), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2020/v50/i4/151571
Payne, J. W., Johnson, E. J., & Bettman, J. R. (1993). The adaptive decision maker. Cambridge University Press.
Pizam, A., & Milman, A. (1993). Predicting satisfaction among first-time visitors to a destination by using the expectancy disconfirmation theory. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 12(2), 197–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4319(93)90010-7
Pizam, A., Neumann, Y., & Reichel, A. (1978). Dimensions of tourist satisfaction with a destination area. Annals of Tourism Research, 5(3), 314–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(78)90115-9
Reimer, J. K., & Walter, P. (2013). How do you know it when you see it? Community-based ecotourism in the Cardamom Mountains of Southwestern Cambodia. Tourism Management, 34, 122–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.04.002
Reiss, S. (2004). Multifaceted nature of intrinsic motivation: The theory of 16 basic desires. Review of General Psychology, 8(3), 179–193. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.8.3.179
Richards, G. (1996). Production and consumption of European cultural tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(2), 261–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(95)00063-1
Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2004). The impact of cultural events on city image: Rotterdam, cultural capital of Europe 2001. Urban Studies, 41(10), 1931–1951. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098042000256323
Rojek, C. (1993). Ways of escape: Modern transformations in leisure and travel. Palgrave Macmillan. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230373402
Samsudin, P. Y., & Maliki, N. Z. (2015). Preserving cultural landscape in homestay programme towards sustainable tourism: Brief critical review concept. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 170, 433–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.004
Shamal, S., & Mohan, B. C. (2019). Consumer acceptance of branded fortified foods and beverages in India: Towards a conceptual framework. Indian Journal of Marketing, 49(10), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2019/v49/i10/147562
Sharma, A. K., & Sharma, R. (2022). Identification of the customers' preferred attributes while selecting an OTA (online travel agency) platform. Indian Journal of Marketing, 52(7), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2022/v52/i7/170538
Sharma, P. B., Pathak, R., & Ahuja, D. (2023). Effect of negative customer experience and negative confirmation on electronic - word of mouth: A case of food delivery apps in India. Indian Journal of Marketing, 53(11), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2023/v53/i11/170523
Shashishekar, M. S., & Anand, S. (2019). The impact of proficiency of marketing activities and value proposition innovation on new intelligent products' performance. Indian Journal of Marketing, 49(12), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2019/v49/i12/149107
Sirgy, M. J. (1984). A social cognition model of consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction an experiment. Psychology & Marketing, 1(2), 27–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.4220010205
Sofield, T. H., & Li, F. M. (1998). Tourism development and cultural policies in China. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(2), 362–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(97)00092-3
Spreng, R. A., & Olshavsky, R. W. (1993). A desires congruency model of consumer satisfaction. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 21(3), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070393213001
Spreng, R. A., MacKenzie, S. B., & Olshavsky, R. W. (1996). A reexamination of the determinants of consumer satisfaction. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), 15–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299606000302
Uysal, M., & Jurowski, C. (1994). Testing the push and pull factors. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(4), 844–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)90091-4
Uysal, M., & Williams, J. A. (2004). Current issues and development in hospitality and tourism satisfaction (1st ed.). Routledge.
Walter, P., Regmi, K. D., & Khanal, P. R. (2018). Host learning in community-based ecotourism in Nepal: The case of Sirubari and Ghalegaun homestays. Tourism Management Perspectives, 26, 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.02.002
Westbrook, R. B., & Reilly, M. D. (1983). Value-percept disparity: An alternative to the disconfirmation of expectations theory of consumer satisfaction. Advances in Consumer Research, 10(3), p. 256.
Yoon, Y., & Uysal, M. (2005). An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: A structural model. Tourism Management, 26(1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.08.016
Žabkar, V., BrenÄiÄ, M. M., & Dmitrović, T. (2010). Modelling perceived quality, visitor satisfaction, and behavioural intentions at the destination level. Tourism Management, 31(4), 537–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.06.005