E-Viral Marketing Influence and Underlying Marketing Strategies: Social Relationship Variables

Authors

  •   Aparna P. Goyal Associate Professor, Department of Marketing & IB Amity Business School, FMS, Amity University, Noida

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17010/ijcs/2018/v3/i1/121856

Keywords:

Consumer Behaviour

, Digital, Purchase Intention, Social Factors, Viral Marketing, Word of Mouth

Manuscript received November 7

, 2017, revised November 25, accepted December 5, 2017. Date of publication January 6, 2018.

Abstract

This study focused on five social relationship variables: social capital, tie strength, homophile, trust, and interpersonal influence that are all related to viral word of mouth behavior in social networking sites. Its aim was to provide a theoretical understanding of use of social networking sites by consumers as a vehicle for viral word of mouth. Specifically, the current study attempted to empirically examine potential roles of social factors in viral word of mouth. At the same time, findings from this research can provide marketers with valuable information to establish their long-term relationships with consumers in social networking sites and use of beneficial viral word of mouth to promote selected brands.The research of consumers is influenced by viral word of mouth and canbe used to discover different conceivable marketing outcomes and makes it simple to take advantage of them effectively. It discovers whether products or services is compelling for the consumers or not.The research explored the factors influencingviral word of mouth via social networking services on consumers' purchase intention. Further, it helps discuss weather social capital has positive influence for viral word of mouth via social networking services on consumers' purchase intention, whether the stronger the tie strength has positive influence for viral word of mouth via social networking services on consumers' purchase intention and discusses whether the more homophilious contacts have positive influence for viral word of mouth via social networking services on consumers' purchase intention.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Downloads

Published

2018-02-01

How to Cite

Goyal, A. P. (2018). E-Viral Marketing Influence and Underlying Marketing Strategies: Social Relationship Variables. Indian Journal of Computer Science, 3(1), 37–57. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijcs/2018/v3/i1/121856

References

“MySpace or yours : Advertising and social networks, Strategic Direction, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 15-18, 2008. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/02580540810884601

A. Bryman, "Barriers to integrating quantitative and qualitative Res.," J. of Mixed Methods Res., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 8-22, 2007. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2345678906290531

A. Carroll, S. J. Barnes, E. Scornavacca, and K. Fletcher, “Consumer perceptions and attitudes towards SMS advertising: Recent evidence from New Zealand,†Int. J. of Advertising, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 79-98, 2007.

A. D. Bruyn, and Gary L. Lilien, “A multi-stage model of multi-stage model of word-of-mouth influence through viral marketing,†Int. J. of Res. in Marketing, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 151-163, 2008. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2008.03.004

A. E. Schlosser, “Source perceptions and the persuasiveness of internet word-of-mouth communication,†In Geeta Menon and Akshay R. Rao (eds.), Advances in Consumer Res., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 202-203, 2005.

A. Goolsbee, and J. Chevalier, “Measuring prices and price competition online: Amazon.com and arnesand-Noble.com,†Quantitative Marketing and Economics, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 203–222, 2003. doi: 10.3386/w9085

A. J. Flanagin, and Miriam J. Metzger, “The role of site features, user attributes, and inform. verification behaviors on the perceived credibility of web-based inform.,†New Media & Soc., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 319-342, 2007. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444807075015

A. Neustadtl, and J. P. Robinson, “Social contact differences among internet users and nonusers in the general social survey,†IT & Soc., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 73-102, 2002.

A. S. Dick, and K. Basu, “Customer loyalty: Toward an integrated conceptual framework,†J. of the Academy of Marketing Sci., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 99-113, 1994.

A. Shoham, and A. Ruvio, “Opinion leaders and followers: A replication and extension,†Psychology & Marketing, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 280-297, 2008. doi: 10.1002/mar.20209

B. Lyons, and K. Henderson, “Opinion leadership in a comput.-mediated environment,†J. of Consumer Behaviour, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 319-329, 2005. doi: 10.1002/cb.22

W. E. Baker, Achieving success through social capital: Tapping the hidden resources in your personal and bus. networks. 2000 Jossey-Bass: San Francisco.

C. B. Flora, and J. L. Flora. Rural Communities: Legacy and Change, 2004. Boulder: Westview Press.

C. C. Lewis, and J. F. George, “Cross-cultural deception in social networking sites and face-to-face communication,†Comput. in Human Behavior, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 2945-2964, 2008. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.05.002

C. Castronovo, and L. Huang, "Study of social media in an alternative marketing era," J. of Marketing and Sci., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 117-133, 2012.

C. Dellarocas, “The digitization of word-of-mouth: promise and challenge of online feedback mechanisms,†Manage. Sci., vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 1407-1424, 2003.

C. Haythornthwaite, “Online personal networks: Size, composition and media use among distance learners,†New Media & Soc., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 195-226, 2000. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/14614440022225779

C. Haythornthwaite, “Social networks and internet connectivity effects,†Inform., Communication, & Soc., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 125-147, 2005. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180500146185

C. M. Ridings, D. Gefen, and B. Arinze, “Some antecedents and effects of trust in virtual communities,†J. of Strategic Inform. Syst., vol. 11, no. 3 & 4, pp. 271-295, 2002. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8687(02)00021-5

C. Okoli, and W. Oh, “Investigating recognition-based performance in an open content community: A social capital perspective,†Inform. & Manage., vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 240-252, 2007. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2006.12.007

C. Riegner, “Word of mouth on the web: The impact of web 2.0 on consumer purchase decisions,†J. of Advertising Res., vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 436-447, 2007.

C. Williams, "Res. Methods," J. of Bus. and Economic Res., vol. 5, no. 3, p. 65, 2007. doi: https://doi.org/10.19030/jber.v5i3.2532

D. A. Briley, M. W. Morris, and I. Simonson, “Reasons as carriers of culture: Dynamic versus dispositional models of cultural influence on decision making, J. of Consumer Res., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 157-178, 2000. doi: 10.1086/314318

D. D’Rozario, and P. K. Choudhury, “Effect of assimilation on consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence,†J. of Consumer Marketing, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 290-307, 2000. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760010335321

D. Godes, and D. Mayzlin, “Using online conversations to study word of mouth communication,†Marketing Sci., vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 545-560, 2004. doi: https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1040.0071

D. J. Watts , and P. S. Dodds, “Influentials, networks, and public opinion formation,†J. of Consumer Res., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 441-458, 2007. doi: 10.1086/518527

D. J. Watts, P. S. Dodds, and M. E. J. Newman, “Identity and search in social networks,†Sci., vol. 296, no. 5571, pp. 1302–1305, 2002. doi: 10.1126/Sci..1070120

D. M. Boyd, and N. B. Ellison, “Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship,†J. of Comput.-Mediated Communication, vol. 13, no. 1, 2007. doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x

D. Smith, S. Menon, and K. Sivakumar, “Online peer and editorial recommendations, trust, and choice in virtual markets,†J. of Interactive Marketing, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 15-37, 2005. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/dir.20041

D. V. Shah, N. Kwak, and R. L. Holbert, “Connecting†and “disconnecting†with civic life: The effects of internet use on the Prod. of social capital,†Political Communication, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 141-162, 2001. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/105846001750322952

D. V. Shah, N. Kwak, and R. L. Holbert, “Connecting†and “Disconnecting†with civic life: The effects of internet use on the Prod. of social capital,†Political Communication, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 141-162, 2001. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/105846001750322952

D. Williams, “The impact of time online: Social capital and Cyberbalkanization,†CyberPsychology & Behavior, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 398-406, 2007.

E. A. Phelps, "Current opinion in neurobiology, human emotion and memory: Interactions of the amygdala and hippocampal complex," vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 198–202, 2004. DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2004.03.015

E. C. Nisbet, “The engagement model of opinion leadership: Testing validity within a Eur. context,†Int. J. of Public Opinion Res., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 3-30, 2006. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edh100

E. E. Karpova, "Study of consumer motivation," Clothing and Textiles J., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 79-94, 2010.

E-Commerce, E-Government and Mobile Commerce, 2006. Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, Ed., Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing.

G. Solman, “Surveying the scenesters: China in the Web 2.0 world,†Adweek, vol. 48, no. 42, 8, 2007.

H. F. Lin, “Understanding behavioral intention to participate in virtual communities,†CyberPsychology &Behavior, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 540-547, 2006. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2006.9.540

H. S. Bansal, and P. A. Voyer, “Word-of-mouth processes within a services purchase decision context,†J. of Service Res., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 166-177, 2000. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/109467050032005

H.W. Park, M. Thelwall, and R. Kluver, "Digital media educ.," The Int. Inform. and Library Rev., vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 104-111, 2007.

J. A. Chevalier, and A. Goolsbee, “Valuing internet retailers: Amazon and Barnes and Noble,†in Advances in Appl. Microeconomics : Organizing the New Ind. Economy, vol. 12, 2003. Amsterdam: Elsevier Sci.

J. A. Chevalier, and D. Mayzlin, “The effect of word of mouth on sales: Online book Rev.s,†J. of Marketing Res., vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 345-354, 2006. doi: https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.43.3.345

J. Bouma, E. Bulte, and D. V. Soest, “Trust and cooperation: Social capital and community resource Manage.,†J. of Environmental Economics and Manage., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 155-166, 2008. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2008.03.004

J. Brown, A. J. Broderick, and N. Lee, “Word of mouth communication within online communities: Conceptualizing the online social network,†J. of Interactive Marketing, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 2-20, 2007. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/dir.2008

J. Chevalier, and A. Goolsbee, “Measuring prices and price competition online: Amazon.com and arnesand-Noble.com,†Quantitative Marketing and Economics, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 203–222, 2003.

J. E. Phelps, R. Lewis, L. Mobilio, D. Perry, and N. Raman, “Viral marketing or viral word-of-mouth advertising: Examining consumer responses and motivations to pass along email,†J. of Advertising Res., vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 333-348, 2004. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021849904040371

J. Espejel, C. Fandos, and C. Flavian, "Customer satisfaction a key factor of consumer loyalty and buying intention of a POD food product," Brit. Food J., vol. 110, no. 9, pp. 865-881, 2008.

J. Fong, and S. Burton, “A cross-cultural comparison of viral word-of-mouth and country-of-origin effects,†J. of Bus. Res., vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 233-242, 2008.

J. Goldenberg, L. Barak, and E. Muller, “Talk of the network: A complex Syst. look at the underlying process of word-of-mouth,†Marketing Lett., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 211-223, 2001.

J. Graham, and W. Havlena, “Finding the "missing link": Advertising's impact on word of mouth, web searches, and site visits,†J. of Advertising Res., vol. 47., no. 4, pp. 427-435, 2007. doi: 10.2501/S0021849907070444

J. K. Scott, and T. G. Johnson, “Bowling alone but online together: Social capital in e-communities,†Community Develop.: J. of the Community Develop. Soc., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 1-18, 2005. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330509489868

J. Lehmann, and S. Joseph, "Valuing organized retailers study," J. of Advances in Appl. Microeconomics: Organizing the New Ind. Economy, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1039-1046, 2008.

J. Onyx, and P. Bullen, “Measuring social capital in five communities,†J. of Appl. Behavioural Sci., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 23-42, 2000. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886300361002

J. Raacke, and J. Bonds-Raacke, “MySpace and Facebook: Applying the uses and gratifications theory to exploring friend-networking sites,†CyberPsychology & Behavior, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 169-174, 2008. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2007.0056

J. S. Coleman, E. Katz, and H. Menzel, Medical Innovation: A Diffusion Study, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 355-361, 1967. New York: Bobbs-Merrill. doi: 10.2307/2391560

K. E. Pigg, and L. D. Crank, “Building community social capital: The potential and promise of inform. and commun. technologies,†The J. of Community Informatics, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 58-73, 2004.

K. H. Hung, and S. Y. Li, “The influence of eWOM on virtual consumer communities: Social capital, consumer learning, and behavioral outcomes,†J. of Advertising Res., 47, no. 4, pp. 485-495, 2007. doi: 10.2501/S002184990707050X

K. M. Andrews, and B. L. Delahaye, “Influences on knowledge processes on organisational learning: The psychosocial filter,†J. of Manage. Stud., vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 797-809, 2000.

K. Niederhoffer, R. Mooth, D. Wiesenfeld, and J. Gordon, “The origin and impact of CPG new-product buzz: Emerging trends and implications,†J. of Advertising Res., vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 420-426, 2007. doi: 10.2501/S0021849907070432

K. P. Wiedmann, Klaus, N. Hennings, and A. Siebels, "Study of measuring consumer luxury value perception : A cross cultural framework," J. of Bus. and Technol. Res., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 155-156, 2007.

K. T. Dirks, and D. L. Ferrin, “Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for Res. and practice,†J. of Appl. Psychology, vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 611-628, 2002. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.611

K-P. Wiedmann, N. Hennigs, and S. Langner, “Categorizing the potential and value of WOM-referrals: Towards a comprehensive typology of social influences," AMA Winter Educators' Conf. Proc., vol. 18, pp. 22-24, 2007.

L. P. Robert, A. R. Dennis, and M. K. Ahuja, “Social capital and knowledge integration in digitally enabled teams,†Inform. Syst. Res., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 314-334, 2008.

M. K. Jennings, and V. Zeitner, “Internet use and civic engagement: A longitudinal Anal.,†Public Opinion Quart., vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 311-344, 2003.

M. Laroche, M. Kalamas, and M. Cleveland, “"I" versus" we": How individualists and collectivists use inform. sources to formulate their service expectations,†Int. Marketing Rev., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 279-308, 2005. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/02651330510602213

M. M. Wasko, and S. Faraj, “Why should I share? Examining social capital and knowledge contribution in viral networks of practice,†MIS Quart, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 35-57, 2005.

M. Pearn, and G. Salmon, "Online networking and individual develop.," in Individual Differences And Develop. In Organizations. Chicester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 305–320, 2002. doi: 10.1002/9780470753392.ch17

M. Thelwall, “Homophily in MySpace,†J. of the Amer. Soc. for Inform. Sci. & Technol.,vol. 60 , no. 2, pp. 219-231, 2008. doi: 10.1002/asi.20978

N. Lin, Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action, Cambridge, 2001.UK: Cambridge University Press.

P. Chen, and Y. Choi, "Study of generational differences in work values," Int. J. of Contemporary Hospitality Manage., vol. 20, no. 6, 2008.

P. Dwyer, “Measuring the value of viral word of mouth and its impact in consumer communities,†J. of Interactive Marketing, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 63-79, 2007. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/dir.20078

P. Lazarsfeld, B. Berelson, and H. Gaudet, The People's Choice : How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in A Presidential Election, 1944. New York: Columbia University Press.

P. P. Li, “Social tie, social capital, and social behavior: toward an integrative model of informal exchange,†Asia Pacific J. of Manage., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 227-246, 2007.

P. S. Adler, and S-W. Kwon, “Social capital: Prospects for a new concept,†Academy of Manage. Rev., vol. 27 , no. 1, pp.17-40, 2002. doi: 10.2307/4134367

P. Y. K. Chau, M. Cole, A. P. Massey, M. Montoya-Weiss, and R. M. O'Keefe, “Cultural differences in the online behavior of consumers,†Commun. of the ACM, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 138-143, 2002. doi: 10.1145/570907.570911

P. M. Herr, F. R. Kardes, and J. Kim, "Effects of word-of-mouth and product-attribute inform. on persuasion: An accessibility-diagnosticity perspective," J. of Consumer Res., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 454-462, 1991. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/208570

P. A. Parahoo, "Study of buzsering Res.," J. of Quantitative Res., vol. 2, no.1, pp. 48-61, 2006.

H.W. Park, M. Thelwall, and R. Kluver, "Affiliation in political blogs networks," The Int. Inform. Internet Stud., vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 252-263, 2009.

R. Feick, and S. Roche, "Understanding the Value of VGI, Crowdsourcing Geographic Knowledge," Geo J., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 391-406, 2004.

R. Burt, "Structural holes versus network closure as social capital,†in N. Lin, K. S. Cook, and R. S. Burt: Social Capital: Theory and Res., 2001.

R. D. Putnam. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of Amer. Community, 2000. New York: Simon & Schuster.

R. E. Goldsmith, and D. Horowitz, “Measuring motivations for online opinion seeking,†J. of Interactive Advertising, vol. 6, no. 2, 2006. Accessed on Sep 11, 2016. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2006.10722114 R. E. Goldsmith, and D. Horowitz, “Viral word-of-mouth,†in Encyclopedia of

R. E. Goldsmith, and R. A. Clark, “An Anal. of factors affecting fashion opinion leadership and fashion opinion seeking,†J. of Fashion Marketing & Manage., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 308-322, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1108/13612020810889272

R. East, K. Hammond, and W. Lomax, “Measuring the impact of positive and negative word of mouth on brand purchase probability,†Int. J. of Res. in Marketing, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 215-224, 2008.

R. Friedland, and A. F. Robertson, Sociology and Economics: Controversy and Integration Series, pp. 31-56, 1990. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

R. Grewal, T. W. Cline, and A. Davies, “Early-entrant advantage, word-of-mouth communication, brand similarity, and the consumer decision-making process,†J. of Consumer Psychology, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 187-197, 2003. doi: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327663JCP1303_01

R. Kraut, M. Patterson, V. Lundmark, S. Kiesler, T. Mukopadhyay, and W. Scherlis, “Internet paradox : A social Technol. that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?,†Amer. psychologist, vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 1017-1031, 1998.

R. Leonard, and J. Onyx “Networking through loose and strong ties: An Australian qualitative study,†Int. J. of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, vol. 14, no. 2, pp.189-203, 2003.

S. Balasubramanian, and V. Mahajan, “The economic leverage of the virtual community,†Int. J. of Viral Commerce, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 103-138, 2001.

S. J. Best, and B. S. Krueger, “Online interactions and social capital: Distinguishing between new and existing ties,†Social Sci. Comput. Rev., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 395-410, 2006. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439306286855

S. M. Choi, Y. Kim, Y. Sung, and D. Sohn, “Motivations and social relationships: A comparative study of social network sites in the U.S. and Korea,†in 2008 Int. Communication Assoc. Conv., Montreal, Canada.

S. M. Choi, Y. Kim, Y. Sung, and D. Sohn, “Motivations and social relationships: A comparative study of social network sites in the U.S. and Korea,†in 2008 Int. Communication Assoc. Conv., Montreal, Canada.

S. Senecal, and J. Nantel, “The influence of online product recommendations on consumers' online choices,†J. of Retailing, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 159-169, 2004. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2004.04.001

S. T. Mortenson, “Interpersonal trust and social skill in seeking social support among Chin. and Amer.s,†Communication Res., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 32-53, 2009. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650208326460

U. Sekaran, and P. A. Bougiek, "Res. method for bus.: A skill building approach," Amer. J. of Educ. Res., vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 484-487, 2010.

Strategic Direction, “MySpace or yours? Advertising and social networks,†vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 15-18, 2008. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/02580540810884601

T. Hennig-Thurau, K. P. Gwinner, W. Gianfranco, and D. G. Dwayne, “Viral word-of-mouth via consumer-opinion platforms: What motivates consumers to articulate themselves on the internet?,â€

T. Jung, Y. Hyunsook, and M. Steven, “Motivations and self-presentation strategies on Korean-based "cyworld" weblog format personal homepages,†CyberPsychology & Behavior, vol. 10, no.1, pp. 24-31, 2007. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2006.9996

T. Mouw, “Estimating the causal effect of social capital: a Rev. of recent Res.,†Annu. Rev. of Sociology, 32, pp. 79-102, 2006.

T. Smith, J. R. Coyle, E. Lightfoot, and A. Scott, “Reconsidering models of influence: The relationship between consumer social networks and word-of-mouth effectiveness,†J. of Advertising Res., vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 387-397, 2007. doi: 10.2501/S0021849907070407

V. Mittal, J. W. Huppertz, and A. Khare, “Customer complaining: The role of tie strength and inform. control,†J. of Retailing, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 195-204, 2008. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2008.01.006

W. S. Chow, and L. S. Chan, “Social network, social trust and shared goals in organizational knowledge sharing,†Inform. & Manage., vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 458-465, 2008.

X. Briggs, “Types of social capital,†in K. Christensen and D. Levinson (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Community: From the Village to the Virtual World, pp. 1277-1283, 2003. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Z. Wang, J. B. Walther, S. Pingree, and R. P. Hawkins, “Health inform., credibility, homophily, and influence via the internet: web sites versus discussion groups,†Health Communication, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 358-368, 2008. doi: 10.1080/10410230802229738